Free shipping. III. For one, it streamlined production on the assembly line, as it made installing a brake booster as easy as installing the unboosted master cylinder; there was no need to have another worker inside the car tightening nuts. Rotational motion Answer (a) A system of forces acting on a bell crank is as shown. Two bell crank levers are pivoted at O,O' to the frame, each carrying a ball at one end a roller at another end. 1 of 8 Stress analysis of bell crank lever Aug. 04, 2017 2 likes 2,097 views Download Now Download to read offline Design paper for design purpose paramjeet singh Follow Teacher at GNDEC-COLLEGE Advertisement Recommended Bending stress and shear stress for Asymmetric I-Section. This shaft is supported on ball bearings 25 and 26. Free shipping. A bell crank is connected to your pedal, with the balance bar connected between it and the pivot point. Fortunately when looking for images of the linkage, I also found the reprint of the factory service manuals at HometownBuick.com. <> In the second-class lever, the full length of the lever equals to the effort arm: The load arm (load position) is calculated from the law of the lever formula above: Class 3 Levers: The fulcrum and the load are located on the opposite sides of the lever. https://www.atlanticgasket.com/gasket-manufacturing/types-of-gaskets/nitrile-gaskets.html. See the below graph for an assumed 6" x 12" brick face area with 20 MPa pressure loading for an initial view of the worksheet results. Figure III-2: Positioning of related parts Table No.5- 1st Principal Stress of Bell Crank Lever with Varying Fillet Radius. Video Tutorial. Depending upon the position of load point, effort point and fulcrum, levers are classified into following classes: Lever having the fulcrum located between the load point and effort point is called Class I lever. I. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) have been performed on various models of 1. Tap here to review the details. That 1800 lbs.is that rating at the pressure plate itself, or at the ends of the release fingers? How do I find brake pedal ratio as the 57 Buick has a belt crank on the pedal assembly not on the master cylinder how do I calculate it if I want to change it also, All blog comments are checked prior to publishing, Wilwood Disc Brakes is a leading aftermarket designer and US manufacturer of high-performance disc brakes and complete brake systems since 1977. Cranked Lever. They are also levers, eh? Chandrapur, India Maximum Bending Moment (at centre) is given by, 29.4 Lever Material & Factor of Safety. 3 0 obj Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. machine to lift a load by the application of a small effort. Report DMCA Overview Lastly, there was no need for a different ratio brake pedal assembly inside the cockpit. Abstract - Bell Crank Lever is important components from safety point of view since they are subjected to large amount of stresses. Last updated date: 21st Feb 2023 Total views: 157.8k Views today: 2.44k Answer Verified - order new bell crank arm, crank holder (make sure you've ordered correct side for these two - L is driver's, R is passenger), pin, and c-clip for pin (apprx. If the load and effort are parallel to each other, as shown in figure 29.2, reaction on the fulcrum is the algebraic sum of these two forces. Engineering Mechanics - Practical | Aminotes It is one of a type of lever. Bell crank brackets are standard with power brakes on cars like early Ford Mustangs, 1959-64 full-size Chevy and other GM cars, and 60s Mopars. 1 Akard of San Francisco, who patented a. The cross-section of the lever is obtained by considering the lever in bending. Bell Crank - DT Online LEVERAGE example. Latest News. srzaveri53@rediffmail.com It also works the opposite way round. Figure 29.2 Class I, Class II and Class III Lever. If you have a tight cockpit without a lot of room for a large ratio brake pedal, like in a Midget or Sprint car, these remote mounts are genuine problem solvers. Fulcrum of the lever is a pin joint and is designed based on bending and bearing considerations. Second Class In this type output between fulcrum and input.This type of lever is used in spring loaded safety valve mounted on the boilers. In a Modulus of Elasticity E 2 x 105 MPa bell crank lever load (W) and force (P) acts at right angles. Pin is designed based on bearing and bending considerations as discussed below. student of Department of By varying the angle of the crank piece, it can be used to change the angle or movement from 1 degree to 180 degrees. Keywords: bell crank lever, bending Stresses in lever, FEA, Photo-elasticity. So, when increasing the motion ratio, take care to get as low a friction as possible in all components so as to not lose grip. The pivot arm has an attachment at the bottom that the pivot arm rotates from and an attachment at the top that then pushes upon the booster. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> load (W )100 N. IJRITCC | August 2014, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org Piston Slider Crank Mechanism Design Equations and Calculator Porsche 356/911/912 Bell Crank Reverse Lever/ No Shaft #8 Bag#20 C#106. ). 4) In governors bell crank levers are used. (The exact numbers for each application are different. http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Bell_Crank&oldid=10427, Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike, More varied models can be constructed using the materials listed at. 2. analysis of bell crank lever using software packages. A 5:1 pedal becomes a 7.5:1 ratio. Because you have mech advantage at the fingers ( levers) , the clutch fork and then the linkage , plus the way the linkage is designed , figuring how much pedal pressure is iffy at best IMO. What I have done in the past is to bolt my clutch, pressure plate and flywheel together while not bolted to the engine. (a) A system of forces acting on a bell crank is as shown. Determine Four-bar linkage - Wikipedia Chemistry and your parking brake bell cranks | IH8MUD Forum Following are the examples which show their use in mechanical engineering. Below is a typical example. bell crank lever load (W) and force (P) acts at right angles. Linkages - ENGINEERING When connected to one of these Wilwood bell crank balance bars, a typical 6:1 pedal gets an effective ratio of 9:1. IRJET - An Investigation of Stresses Induced in Curved Beams using MATLAB Shear Stress Distribution For Square Cross-section, Chapter 3 load and stress analysis final, Hertz Contact Stress Analysis and Validation Using Finite Element Analysis, Determination of Contact Stress Distribution in Pin Loaded Orthotropic Plates, (PART1/2)COLLAPSE OF THE HYATT REGENCY WALKWAYS 1981, Structural weight optimization of a bracket using, Design of Football Stadium - Design Project for Civil Engineers. This content and associated text is in no way sponsored by or affiliated with any company . Example: Calculate the fulcrum position of a first-class lever if its total length is 60 cm, the effort force is 10 N and the load force is 20 N. In the 2nd class lever, the fulcrum and effort are at the opposite ends of the lever. Table1. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. ** Poissons ratio 0.30 endobj That puts the pedal ratio at 4:1 which is perfect for . Find the distance between the fulcrum and other end of the lever. THEORY : What is a Lever: Lever is a simple machine consisting of a rigid rod pivoted at a fixed point called the fulcrum used for shifting or raising a heavy load or applying force. Sr. No. load 100N. Principle of levers:- The lever principle can be stated as: Load x Length of load arm= Force x Length of force arm Bell Crank Lever: A lever that is bent at a right angle, is called a bell crank lever. Bell Crank Lever. This is a bell crank / connecting rod / slide arrangement . So in the design condition: To find ' : Now I'll work on Tom's formula. You understand what I was describing perfectly. A smaller bore master cylinder connected to the front caliperspaired with a larger bore for the rear provides much greater control of the front to rear brake bias. Unfortunately this adds another angle factor into the equation. ie. For a specified load or output force desired, effort required can be calculated using principle of moments. Hyxg;^.~H0Y}SW(;&3 4SR*bTK@ ) ~jD FHv APPARATUS REQUIRED Bell Crank Lever apparatus, slotted weight, spirit meter, spring balance and pointer Fig 1: Bell Crank Lever Apparatus 3. Picture Information. Design of fulcrum Also for bell crank lever stress It does not have any general name . Also The bell crank thickness is 8 mm; therefore, the projected area of the pin is A_{b} = (8 mm)d. Calculate the required pin diameter d: d \geq \frac{130.614 mm ^{2}}{8 mm }=16.33 mm 4. As the push rod comes from the brake pedal, it pushes on the pivot. Maximum Bending Moment is given by, Maximum Bending Stress is then given by, M = Plp. Output force (also called the load) - the force applied by the lever to move the load. | Privacy Policy, Share a link to the calculator, including the input values, An excavator uses hydraulic cylinders to push or pull its boom (the 3rd class lever), stick (the 1st class lever), and bucket (another 1st class lever), Calculate the mechanical advantage and the load force, Calculate the fulcrum position of a first-class lever, Calculate the load position of a second-class lever, Calculate the effort position of a third-class lever, Inclined Plane Mechanical Advantage Calculator, System of Pulleys Mechanical Advantage Calculator, Wheel and Axle Mechanical Advantage Calculator, Simple Machine Mechanical Advantage Calculator. I find a formula F1L1 =F2L2 for a right angle bellcrank. The crank-case is of parallel, ruled shape inside and out, allowing manufacture by numerically controlled wire erosion. crank 18, connecting rod 5, link 7, studs 13, 14, 15 and 16, pins 4 & 6 as shown in Fig. It is subjected to bending stress. The Unit Conversion page provides a solution for engineers, translators, and for anyone whose activities require working with quantities measured in different units. OK. But over the years I figured the numbers on a stitch length adjuster scale (not only on 29Ks) are not necessarily the . All of the OPTIMA Ultimate Street Car competitors have been waiting to get back to the track. Comparative studies on formability analysis in metal, Moment of inertia of non symmetric object, ESA Module 2 ME832. School: ABES Engineering College. You can read the details below. Fillet Radius(mm) Max. Thread take up lever is the type of bell crank lever which is important part of sewing machine. Now move the jack up so it is 5mm higher than ride height and measure the distance between the upper and lower damper mounting points. I then took it over to my press and with a socket or release bearing that can ride on all the clutch fingers in place, measure the static height. ANALYSIS OF CNC LATHE SPINDLE FOR MAXIMUM CUTTING FORCE CONDITION AND BEARING IRJET- Theoretical Analysis of Rocker Arm, FEM_Modeling_Project_Evaluation of a Steel Pulley and Shaft Design, Numerical simulaton of axial flow fan using gambit and, Lifting mechanism for attachments of agricultural equipments. 10. 3 2-D Model of Lever Fig -4: Force Analysis 3.1.1. The angle can be any angle from 0 to 360 degrees, but 90 degrees and 180 degrees are most common. Click to enlarge. Ankush Sharma. A picking fork is best example of this type of lever. a) 1000mm b) 100mm c) 10mm d) 10000mm View Answer. various components. VIEW | DOWNLOAD ( Hand-Written Practical) II. The long handle is removed from the 'knuckle' before moving the linkages from the lid and raising the brick/block. bell crank noun : a lever having its fulcrum at the apex of the angle formed by its two arms Word History Etymology so called from the bell wires used to transfer motion Love words? edit add: to post 17. I don't know if this helps but my clutch is rated at 2000# clamping force , the LINKAGE ( not counting the clutch fork in) is 7:1 and is pretty easy to depress for my 72 year old knees . TranslatorsCafe.com Unit Converter YouTube channel, Terms and Conditions Volume: 2 Issue: 8 2423 2430 I find a formula F1L1 =F2L2 for a right angle bellcrank. Reaction at the fulcrum at F, 5) Levers in Robotics : Hundreds of levers are used in robot and robotic machines. METHODOLOGY It may not display this or other websites correctly. IRJET- Design and Fatigue Analysis of Bicycle Crank-Lever As the levers are subjected to tensile stress due to bending, cast iron is not recommended to be used as material for levers. If dp and lp are diameter and length of the pin respectively, bearing pressure is given by. A bell crank is connected to your pedal, with the balance bar connected between it and the pivot point. METHODOLOGY EXPERIMENT 10 - To determine the mechanical advantage, Velocity ratio and Mechanical efficiency of the Differential Wheel and Axle. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. F e = (1 kg) (9.81 m/s 2) (1 m) / (2 m) = 4.9 N. A lever mechanism where the input effort is higher than than the output load is often characterized as a third-class lever . The connecting rod links the rotating crank to the slider. Maximum Bending Stress is then given by, M = Pl. That is a very high pressure . A factory 6:1 pedal ratio attached to the bell crank results in a 4:1 ratio going into the power booster, in most cases. K t . ie. 1. Hartnell Governors - Parts, Diagram, Working, Advantages To fine CG and moment of Inertia of an irregular body using Computation method. Privacy Policy. PDF Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology It is known to us that any bending stress is always of either tensile or compressive nature. . Levers are found everywhere in the machines and automobiles, out of them the hand lever and foot levers are those which are manually operated for actuation of some action like shifting gear or applying brake etc. This is the important part of the bellcrank assembly. This traditional item enables the reaction force of a 90 bell crank to be measured by a spring balance when a load is applied at any of five leverage ratios. Explaining a Bellcrank Assembly - mpbrakes.com Free shipping. F2 = F1L1 / L2 or using above figures F2 = F1 x 60/3 = 20F1 That's all very well. This page was last modified on 5 February 2018, at 09:04. Bellcrank - Wikipedia Changing the pivot point here will change the amount of output force that is achieved. It is assumed that: Load acting on the pin is uniformly distributed in the eye and uniformly varying in the two parts of the fork. 1st class lever examples are a seesaw and pliers. (Learn more), Copyright 2023 Wilwood Engineering, Inc. - All Rights Reserved. suggest best method for analysis and best cross section for the Design Essentials: How to Convert from Rotary to Linear Motion However, we do not guarantee that our converters and calculators are free of errors. PDF Bearing Load Calculation - E. Fox Pin is subjected to double shear and maximum shear stress is given by. Calculation of Ground Reaction EXAMPLE. lever in bending. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that's only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. It is . The CAD files and renderings posted to this website are created, uploaded and managed by third-party community members. In all of the above 1 unit = 1 inch. BELL CRANK LEVER | PA Hilton size, shear, wear, deformation, fatigue ? Examples ? Due to this, the use of such type of levers is not recommended. Hence the prime effect of a force at the end of the lever is to create a BENDING STRESS on the lever cross section. The calculator determines the fulcrum position and the effort arm of a 1st class lever, in which the fulcrum is between the effort and load. To verify the law of moments using Bell crank lever. Consequently, applied forces cause the bending moment which is commonly quantified as force x distance (kN-m). * Thus, the minimum pin diameter required to satisfy the bearing stress limit on the support bracket is, \begin{gathered}\Sigma M_{B}=(7,000 N ) \sin \left(65^{\circ}\right)(200 mm ) \\-F_{2}(150 mm )=0 \\\therefore F_{2}=8,458.873 N \\\Sigma F_{x}=B_{x}+(7,000 N ) \cos \left(65^{\circ}\right) \\\quad+8,458.873 N =0 \\\therefore B_{x}=-11,417.201 N \\\Sigma F_{y}=B_{y}-(7,000 N ) \sin \left(65^{\circ}\right)=0 \\\therefore B_{y}=6,344.155 N\end{gathered}, |B|=\sqrt{(-11,417.201 N )^{2}+(6,344.155 N )^{2}}=13,061.423 N, A_{V} \geq \frac{13,061.423 N }{40 N / mm ^{2}}=326.536 mm ^{2}, A_{ pin }=\frac{A_{V}}{2}=163.268 mm ^{2}, d \geq \sqrt{\frac{4}{\pi}\left(163.268 mm ^{2}\right)}=14.42 mm, A_{b} \geq \frac{13,061.423 N }{100 N / mm ^{2}}=130.614 mm ^{2}, d \geq \frac{130.614 mm ^{2}}{8 mm }=16.33 mm, \begin{aligned}&A_{b} \geq \frac{13,061.423 N }{165 N / mm ^{2}}=79.160 mm ^{2} \\&d \geq \frac{79.160 mm ^{2}}{2(6 mm )}=6.60 mm\end{aligned}, Mechanics of Materials: An Integrated Learning System Solution Manual [EXP-8770]. Critical section of the lever (section of maximum bending moment) becomes weak due to hole made for pin. Example: Calculate the mechanical advantage and the load force of a first-class lever if its effort arm is 50 cm, load arm is 20 cm and effort force is 10 N. To calculate, enter the values and tap or click the Calculate button. applying of a small effort. Then just do the math for each series of pivots. Design a bell crank, similar to the one shown, to carry a mild shock load. (I know it changes through the movement) 'We"p7_&%F 0kf Mechanical Engineering In a Lever having effort point located between the fulcrum and load point is called Class III lever. It works on the principle of moments and is used to get mechanical advantage and sometimes to facilitate the application of force in a desired direction. Diameter of Shaft obtained on basis of shear stress, Find diameter of shaft d using this equation, Diameter of Shaft at centre of bearing on the basis of shear strength, Find diameter of shaft d1 using this equation, Using this equation find B and t of lever. Hand Lever. P = 300 N The lever is generally made up of a convenient cross section like rectangle, square, I section etc. Either of these remote mount balance bars provides the other significant benefit of a balance bar pedal; they allow fine-tuning of brake biasbetween two separate master cylinders, often in different bore sizes. that's a bit better something is missing though. The dimensions of crosssection are determined on the basis of flexural formula, which is the relation between bending moment, moment of inertia and the bending stress induced in the section. The calculator determines the load force and mechanical advantage of a lever of any order. This linkage is known as a Bell Crank (so called because it was used in Victorian times in linkages used to operate doorbells and servants' bells). 3.1 Pedal Lever Calculations and FEM Analysis Fig. reducing materials of bell crank lever and for the safe working Examples of levers are: straight tommy bar used to operate screw jack, bell crank lever, rocker arm, lever of lever loaded safety valve etc. But certain brake setups (Like the booster at top from a 1966 Ford Mustang) require more measuring and extra math because of a second lever and pivot, commonly called a bell crank. Slider and Crank Mechanism - Wolfram Demonstrations Project I was quite careful in setting out the formula in LibreOffice Calc and making the graph and used an online triangle solver to get angle alpha. Design of lever involves determination of various dimensions of the lever for a specified load or output force required. It is difficult to forge curved levers with complicated cross-sections and have to be cast. Fullscreen. PDF [ Bell Crank Design ] - Engineering Essentials Factor of safety of 2 to 3 on yield strength is generally used. Picture 1 of 2. W 210 = P 70 How to Build a Crank and Slider Mechanism: 11 Steps. Bell crank Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster = 75 N/mm2 The cross-section of the lever is obtained by considering the From a practical application standpoint, it might be better to start at the point that the handle is at a 45 angle to the ground with the handle F1 force vector vertically down and calculate the F2 toggle force based upon the operator's weight in a range from 45 to 0 for the handle angle. DME-III_Design of Machine Elements_Design of Levers Example - Lever calculation with SI-units - weight of 1 kg mass acting 1 m from the fulcrum. This is especially helpful, since a balance bar system splits your leg effort between two master cylinders. 15.1 Introduction A lever is a rigid rod or bar capable of turning about a fixed point called fulcrum. 2423 (from this I also got length AC which will be useful later.). Answer: b Explanation: F xl =F xl. bell cank lever apparatus.pdf - VERIFICATION OF PRINCIPLE method. So I got these parameters: rh: radius horn rb: half the span of the bell crank (this is actually not radius) d: distance between hinge line and bell crank line o: bell crank offset 3 Bell crank lever is used in the machine to lift a load by the application of a small effort. Bell crank lever is used in the If the angle is 90 degrees, sine is 1.0 and the ratio is just A/B. When the magnitude of the force is increases than that of input force, it is called the mechanical advantage of lever or simply LEVERAGE. The table below can be used for measurements. Determine stresses on bell crank lever. :) cool ). To verify the law of moments using Bell crank lever . Application of Levers in Engineering Practice. A bell crank is connected to your pedal, with the balance bar connected between it and the pivot point. Figure 7 - 1st Principal Stress of Bell Crank Lever with Fillet Radius 8 mm. First Class - In this type the fulcrum between Input and output.This type of lever is used in applications like bell crank levers in railway signal mechanism,the rocker arm for the overhead valves of internal combustion engine, and levers of hand pump . The shaft is subjected to torsion and lever sdkhamankar@gmail.com edit add : and what about material for shafts etc . This is especially helpful, since a balance bar system splits your leg effort between two master cylinders. Bell crank linkages change the direction of force through 90. Aggarwal, UG Courses - Agricultural Engineering (Version 2.0). The toggle effect comes into play as the handle is moves down toward a horizontal position and perpendicular arm on the handle rotates to a vertical position inline with the links connected to the bottom piston. Thank you for that. We've encountered a problem, please try again. But if the load and effort are inclined to each other at an angle q, as shown in figure 29.3, reaction (R) at the fulcrum can be determined as: 29.3.2 Design of Lever Arms. bell crank lever. Cantilever ( bellcrank ) | race-deZert ok. A right angled bell-crank is designed to raise a load of 5kN at short arm whose length is 100mm. Principal Stress of Bell Crank Lever with Fillet Radius 10 mm. Figure III-2 shows details of the exact positioning of the components. The formula of the law of the lever above is the same for all three classes of levers. other and maximum failures stress concentration occurs at maximum bending surface. them with results obtained through software. Design of a Lever. Third Class In this type input between fulcrum and output. R.C.E.R.T. 5. Horns have to be aligned to the hinges. 8 -1. st. ( for most sections it is half the depth of section). Piston Slider acceleration: Where: L = length of connecting rod (in, mm), R = Radius of crank (in, mm), X = distance from center of crankshaft A to wrist pin C (in, mm), X = slider velocity (linear velocity of point C) (in/sec, mm/sec), X = Slider acceleration (in/sec 2, mm/sec 2 ), = crank angle measured from dead center when slider . It works on the principle of moments and is used to get mechanical advantage and sometimes to facilitate the application of force in a desired direction. The permissible bearing pressure ([Pbearing]) depends upon relative velocity, frequency of relative motion and the lubrication condition between the pin and the bush. calculate the handle load based upon a given required compression pressure 2023 Physics Forums, All Rights Reserved. The lever is subjected to bending moment, Mechanical Engg Simple Notes ,Solved problems and Videos, 1)Diameter of shaft d {subjected to torque only}, 2) Diameter of shaft at centre of bearing d1 {Subjected to torque and Bending moment}, Step 3 : Design Of cross-section of lever ( B,t ), Machine Design I - Introduction to Design : Theory Q&A, Machine Design -I -Design of joints : Theory Q&A, Knuckle Joint : Design Procedure,Problems and Questions, Design of turnbuckle : Design steps, Problems and Question, Design of Levers : Hand Lever, Foot Lever, Bell crank lever, Design of Shafts: Theory and Numerical Problems, Couplings : Design Procedure and Numerical problems, Design Of SPRINGS : Questions and Numerical problems, Belt drives:Theory Q&A and Selection of Flat and V belts. The most important task before design engineer is Problem on Bell Crank Lever - Design of Cotter Joint Knuckle Joint Stress Analysis of Bell Crank Lever - Academia.edu The mechanical advantage (12=21), the force 1 , the length 1 , and the material are given in the accompanying table. experimentally. Bell Crank Lever. For Arabic Users, find a teacher/tutor in your City or country in the Middle East. Design of levers includes the force analysis and design calculation of the most common levers used in engineering such as hand lever,foot lever,rocker arm and bell crank lever. Design of Levers : Hand Lever, Foot Lever, Bell crank lever Lower values are used for high relative velocity, frequent motion and intermittent lubrication conditions. Mechanical Leverage Calculator The lever is one of the six classical simple machines defined by Renaissance scientists. Example: Calculate the mechanical advantage and the load force of a first-class lever if its effort arm is 50 cm, load arm is 20 cm and effort force is 10 N. Input Lever class 1 2, AE > AL 3, AE < AL Effort Arm (Input Distance) AE Load Arm (Output Distance) NEW BRIGGS AND STRATTON CRANK BELL LEVER 394670 FREE SHIPPING. Video Tutorial (Similar to Exp. In the first-class levers, the load arm can be larger or smaller than the effort arm and their mechanical advantage can be greater than, less than or equal to one. 1 0 obj Instructions For Various Modes of Digital Payments; 01.06.2018; A bell crank is a type of crank that changes motion . Looks like you do nice work. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. It is assumed that Inspection jigs. The load is applied between the effort and the fulcrum. +P2 1. You can still buy exact duplicates of most of these or universal versions, making it easy to add a power brake booster without drilling extra holes or changing pedals. Your Ultimate AI Essay Writer & Assistant. The bell crank is used to convert the direction of reciprocating movement. Design procedure is discussed below. The effort arm is larger than the load arm; therefore the mechanical advantage is more than one. nk^Vh,wc&+G1L1XK[EP-5=jAuCd-f:/b2FV ibNzeG.0=RNB%