[12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Verse 12. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Verse 11. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Verse 7. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. 'Rajatharangini' review: A Sanskrit classic from Kashmir revisited in And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. Gave lands to Brahmins. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Who translated Ramayana into Persian language? - Toppr Ask His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. Smaller Kingdoms during Sultanate Era - Jagranjosh.com Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. This quarterly has been published regularly since In 1380 C.E. The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Son of Sukhavarman. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Translate poyu ta from Persian to Tagalog - MyMemory She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. After his death, the queen committed. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Who among the following is associated with translation of Rajatarangini Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. What internet mobs don't understand about Urdu - The Indian Express The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. Zain-ul-Abidin - Wikipedia Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. All rights reserved. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . Verse 14. The. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. How do people make money on survival on Mars? Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Rajatarangini - Rajatarangini.pdf - [PDF Document] From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. all exact any . He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Kalhana was a poet. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. university presses. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 1 Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. Persian Literature During Delhi Sultanate - MCQ Books [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Wife of Damodara. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Verse 13. 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Translating the Past: Rethinking Rajatarangini Narratives in Colonial It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. 23 February 2011. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. that the material was genuinely picky. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. Turn on. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. An unpopular king, he was killed. Manipulation in Dubbing: The Translation of English-language Films into Answer. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Died young. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Son of Hiranyakula. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome.